At the molecular level, many cytokines are involved in mediation of signaling pathways that regulate activation of HSCs and fibrogenesis. Repeated cycles of apoptosis and regeneration of hepatocytes contribute to pathogenesis of cirrhosis. Activated Kupffer cells destroy hepatocytes and stimulate the activation of HSCs. Defenestration and capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are major contributing factors to hepatic dysfunction in liver cirrhosis. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal event in fibrosis. Many types of cells, cytokines and miRNAs are involved in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Liver cirrhosis is the final pathological result of various chronic liver diseases, and fibrosis is the precursor of cirrhosis.
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